How To Convert Between Units
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The two types of conversions
Unit conversion sounds trivial — multiply by a factor — until you trip on Fahrenheit-to-Celsius (which needs an offset, not just a ratio), US vs Imperial gallons (20% different), or the international ambiguity of “ton.” This guide covers the conversion factors that matter, the ones that catch people out, and a mental-math toolkit for the conversions you’ll do most often.
Length — metric vs imperial
Anchors worth memorizing:
Weight / mass
0°C = 32°F (freezing)
Volume — where US and UK diverge
20°C = 68°F (room temperature)
Area
37°C = 98.6°F (body temperature)
Speed
100°C = 212°F (boiling)
Energy and power
−40°C = −40°F (the only point where they match)
Data sizes — base-10 vs base-2
Mental math: for cm → inches, divide by 2.5 (or multiply by 0.4). 10 cm ≈ 4 in. For m → yards, they’re roughly equivalent (1 m ≈ 1.09 yd). Close enough for estimation.
Angle, pressure, and other niches
Mental math: kg → lb, double and add 10%. 50 kg × 2 = 100, + 10 = 110 lb (actual: 110.23).
Common conversion errors
Recipe-conversion gotcha: a US cup of butter ≈ 227 g; a UK “cup” of butter could mean 240 mL ≈ 230 g or 284 mL ≈ 270 g. Always weigh if precision matters.
Run the numbers
Historically “MB” meant 2^20 = 1,048,576 bytes (binary). Now officially: